Browse by Brand - Retro Computing Market Watch

Name	Location	Founded	Description	Items ▲	Sold	For Sale
PowerBrain	USA	1984	Chess computer manufacturer. Talking chess computers including Chess Professor and Chess Master.	81	15	21
Tech	USA	1984	Tech is a generic classification entry representing various items with names containing 'tech' (such as VTech, Digitech, A4Tech, etc.).	82	28	27
S3	USA	1989	American semiconductor company known for graphics accelerators. Acquired by VIA.	82	41	24
S	USA	1970	S (often associated with the broader S-100 bus era or specific niche hardware-software branding) represents a period of intense experimentation in the early microcomputer revolution. While 'S' can refer to various specialized hardware-software-integrated systems from the late 170s and 80s, it is most historically significant for its role in the transition from hobbyist kits to standardized computing architectures. During the golden age of retro computing, these systems helped bridge the gap between basic calculators and programmable personal computers. They contributed to the evolution of early-stage-logic and the standardization of bus architectures, which paved the way for the home computer boom of the 1980s. Their legacy lives on in the way modern enthusiasts approach modular hardware-based computing.	82	8	10
CU Amiga	UK	1990	British Amiga magazine 1990-1998. Leading UK Amiga publication.	82	15	3
Omron	Japan	1933	Japanese electronics manufacturer.	83	16	17
Braun	Germany	1921	German electrical company.	84	24	11
Boots	UK	1849	Boots UK (formerly Boots the Chemists) is a major British health and beauty retailer and pharmacy chain. During the home computer boom of the 1980s, the company sold private-label consumer electronics, computer peripherals, and home computer software (specifically for platforms like the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, and BBC Micro) under its own brand.	84	26	15
Datel	UK	1985	British hardware company. Action Replay, cheat cartridges.	85	49	2
Wyse	USA	1981	American terminal company founded 1981. Wyse terminals.	85	35	13
Autodesk	USA	1982	American CAD software company founded 1982. AutoCAD. Design software leader.	85	26	20
Burroughs	USA	1886	American computer company founded 1886. Mainframes, adding machines.	85	41	14
Lloyd's	Japan	-	Japanese electronics brand. Budget calculators and consumer electronics sold in the US.	85	11	18
Cheetah	UK	1985	British joystick manufacturer. Budget joysticks like the Cheetah 125 and Mach 1 for 8-bit computers.	86	34	13
Xerox	USA	1906	American document company founded 1906. Xerox 820, Alto, Star.	87	20	26
CompuServe	USA	1979	American online service founded 1979. Pre-internet dial-up.	87	29	22
Ibico	Switzerland	-	Swiss calculator and office equipment manufacturer. Desktop printing calculators and binding machines.	87	14	29
Data General	USA	1968	American minicomputer company founded 1968. Data General Nova, Eclipse.	88	59	12
Gigabyte	Taiwan	1986	Taiwanese motherboard company founded 1986. Motherboards, mini-ITX pioneer.	89	30	31
Elektronika	USSR	1961	Soviet electronics manufacturer. BK series computers.	90	23	38
eMachines	USA	1998	American budget PC company founded 1998. Low-cost consumer PCs.	90	42	11
Litronix	USA	1968	American LED manufacturer.	90	21	18
Wico	USA	1946	Arcade joystick and trackball manufacturer	91	69	6
Suncom	USA	1981	American joystick company. Atari-compatible joysticks.	92	51	6
Cyrix	USA	1988	American semiconductor company founded 1988. x86 compatible CPUs.	92	57	12
Acorn User	UK	1982	British magazine for Acorn computer users including BBC Micro and Archimedes.	92	7	1
SYSTEMS	USA	1983	Computer systems manufacturer	92	38	17
Lander	USA	1980	European electronics brand. Calculators and consumer electronics.	92	29	18
Amiga Computing	UK	1988	British Amiga magazine published by Europress 1988-1997.	94	17	50
Hayes	USA	1977	American modem company founded 1977. 56K modems, networking equipment.	94	42	11
Antic	USA	1982	American Atari computer magazine and publisher. The Atari Resource. https://www.atarimagazines.com/antic/	95	30	7
Cambridge Computer	UK	1983	British computer company founded 1983. Z88 portable.	95	54	12
Honeywell	USA	1906	American multinational conglomerate producing computers, thermostats, and aerospace systems. Made early minicomputers and mainframes.	95	32	26
PC Week	USA	1983	PC Week was a prominent weekly publication for the personal computer industry that focused on news, analysis, and reviews. Founded in 1983, it served as a key source of information on the rise of business computing in America, before rebranding as eWeek in 2000.	95	41	7
Tatung	Taiwan	1964	Taiwanese computer and electronics manufacturer.	96	28	13
Novag	Hong Kong	1978	Hong Kong chess computer manufacturer founded 1978. Obsidian, Citrine, Constellation series.	96	31	24
ALPS	Japan	1948	Japanese keyboard/input company. Keyboard switches, Alps clone.	98	54	18
USRobotics	USA	1976	American company known for modems and networking equipment. Maker of the popular Sportster modem line.	99	42	23
Activision	USA	1979	American video game company founded 1979. Pitfall, Activision Blizzard.	100	42	31
Infocom	USA	1979	American text adventure company founded 1979. Zork, Hitchhikers Guide. IF pioneer.	100	41	5
Cumana	UK	1979	British company known for floppy disk drives and storage peripherals for BBC Micro, Amiga, and Atari ST computers.	100	57	4
Sierra On-Line	USA	1979	American video game developer and publisher founded in 1979 as On-Line Systems by Ken and Roberta Williams. Renamed Sierra On-Line in 1982 after moving to Oakhurst, California. Known for pioneering graphic adventure games including King's Quest, Space Quest, Leisure Suit Larry, and Police Quest series. Also published under sub-labels SierraVision (arcade games, 1982-1984) and SierraVenture. Operated The Sierra Network (later ImagiNation Network) online gaming service 1991-1996. Acquired by CUC International in 1996, became part of Vivendi Universal. Renamed Sierra Entertainment in 2002.	101	38	29
SAMS	USA	1946	American technical publisher. SAMS computer books, electronics guides.	101	59	16
Epyx	USA	1978	American game company founded 1978. Temple of Apshai, Summer Games, Impossible Mission.	102	59	16
Monroe	USA	1912	American calculator company founded 1912. Adding machines.	102	40	12
Siemens Nixdorf	Germany	1990	German computer company. Siemens + Nixdorf merger 1990.	102	35	36
Novell	USA	1983	American networking company founded 1979. NetWare network OS. Acquired by Micro Focus.	103	39	25
Beebug	UK	1982	British BBC Micro user group and magazine. Published Beebug magazine and sold peripherals.	105	15	6
Sonnet	USA	1986	American company known for Macintosh upgrade cards and accessories. Produced processor upgrades and expansion cards.	107	51	23
Micron	USA	1978	American memory/PC company founded 1978. RAM, SSDs, PCs.	109	47	21
APF	USA	1976	American game console manufacturer, made APF-M1000.	109	29	15
Ashton-Tate	USA	1980	American software company founded 1982. dBASE database software.	111	40	28
Symantec	USA	1982	American security software company founded 1982. Norton acquired. Antivirus.	112	30	28
Zilog	USA	1974	American semiconductor company founded 1974. Z80 CPU for CP/M, Spectrum, MSX.	113	63	14
Claris	USA	1987	Software company, developer of FileMaker and other Macintosh applications	113	28	54
Data Becker	Germany	1981	German software/book publisher. C64, Amiga, Atari software.	114	63	8
Laser	Hong Kong	1976	VTech brand. Apple II clones, Laser 128, educational computers.	116	53	30
AOL	USA	1985	American online service founded 1985. Dominant dial-up internet provider in the 1990s. Millions of free trial CDs.	116	32	47
Palm	USA	1992	American PDA company founded 1992. Palm Pilot, PalmOS, Handspring. PDA pioneer.	120	28	22
Adobe	USA	1982	American software company founded 1982. Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, Acrobat, PDF.	120	36	37
Maxtor	USA	1982	American storage company founded 1978. Hard drives. Now Seagate.	121	59	29
Verbatim	USA	1969	American data storage company founded 1969. Floppy disks, optical media.	123	40	32
Memorex	USA	1961	American media company founded 1961. Tapes, CDs, disks.	124	42	43
RCA	USA	1919	American electronics company founded 1919. Tubes, semiconductors, COSMAC.	124	67	25
MITS	USA	1975	American computer company founded 1969. Altair 8800, first PC kit. Ed Roberts.	124	51	12
SciSys	Hong Kong	1979	British electronics company founded 1979 in Hong Kong. Pioneer of dedicated chess computers. Renamed to Saitek in 1987.	124	36	45
Matrox	Canada	1976	Canadian graphics card company founded 1976. Professional graphics.	125	54	40
Sybex	USA	1976	American technical publisher. Programming books, computer guides.	127	44	25
Diamond	USA	1988	American graphics card company founded 1982. Viper, Stealth. Acquired by S3.	127	69	26
Sears	USA	1892	American retailer. Sold rebranded Atari consoles (Tele-Games), calculators, and home computers through catalog.	127	31	32
Applied Engineering	USA	1979	American Apple II expansion company. TransWarp accelerators, RAM cards.	128	71	12
Triumph-Adler	Germany	1896	German typewriter/computer company. Alphatronic PC. TA brand.	129	34	26
GRiD Systems	USA	1979	American rugged computer company founded 1979. GRiD Compass, ruggedized laptops.	129	43	13
CSG	USA	1976	Commodore Semiconductor Group. MOS Technology chips, SID, VIC.	132	45	9
MSI	Taiwan	1986	Taiwanese motherboard company founded 1986. Motherboards, graphics cards.	133	41	31
Royal	USA	1982	Typewriter and office equipment manufacturer	134	35	29
Maxell	Japan	1966	Japanese media company founded 1966. Floppy disks, tape, optical.	137	66	27
VTech	Hong Kong	1976	Hong Kong educational electronics company founded 1976. Laser computers, learning toys.	137	70	20
Mitsubishi	Japan	1921	Japanese electronics conglomerate founded 1921. Displays, electronics.	137	61	29
Lenovo	China	1984	Chinese computer company founded 1984. ThinkPad (acquired from IBM), PCs.	139	39	23
Aurora	USA	1950	Software publisher.	139	32	37
Taito	Japan	1953	Japanese game company founded 1953. Space Invaders, Bubble Bobble.	140	101	5
Trident	Taiwan	1987	Graphics chip company. TVGA, ProVidia chips. Budget graphics.	141	71	33
Matra & Hachette	France	1941	French electronics company. Alice computer, aerospace.	142	41	17
Usborne	UK	1978	British publisher known for educational children's books, including computer and technology books in the 1980s	145	55	6
Competition Pro	UK / Netherlands	1983	Competition Pro is an iconic line of home computer joysticks created in 1983. It became the most successful European peripheral of the 80s and 90s, renowned for its bulletproof durability and clicky arcade feel. Though widely associated with British and European computing, its creation was a collaborative effort between the UK firm Coin Controls Ltd. and the Dutch arcade manufacturer SUZO International.	148	83	10
AST Research	USA	1980	AST Research, Inc. was a personal computer manufacturer founded in 1980.	152	87	24
Quickshot	Hong Kong	1983	Joystick manufacturer. Arcade-style joysticks.	152	84	17
Square	Japan	1986	Japanese game company founded 1986. Created Final Fantasy. Merged with Enix in 2003 to form Square Enix.	156	134	5
Quantum	USA	1980	American storage/tape company founded 1980. Hard drives, tape drives.	157	94	35
WordPerfect	USA	1979	American word processing software. Dominant DOS word processor in the 1980s. Acquired by Novell 1994, then Corel 1996.	158	46	31
Electronic Arts	USA	1982	American video game company founded 1982. EA Sports, Madden, FIFA. Major game publisher.	163	60	48
3Com	USA	1979	American networking company founded 1979. Ethernet cards, networking equipment. 3Com.	165	70	34
National Semiconductor	USA	1959	American semiconductor company founded 1959. SC/MP CPU, analog ICs.	166	65	44
Franklin Electronics	USA	1981	Franklin Computer Corporation was an American manufacturer of Apple II-compatible computers (Franklin Ace series) and later electronic handheld reference books and dictionaries.	172	64	29
Hudson Soft	Japan	1973	Japanese video game company.	173	147	6
Lexibook	France	1981	Lexibook (Linguistic Electronic System SA) is a French consumer electronics company headquartered in Les Ulis, France. Founded in 1981 by Luc le Couturier, the company started as a broad trading business for office calculators and consumer goods before transitioning into a major global manufacturer of educational electronic toys	173	36	27
Adaptec	USA	1981	American adapter company founded 1981. SCSI, RAID, storage controllers.	177	66	34
Texet	UK	1985	UK calculator and electronics brand	177	42	44
Digital Research	USA	1976	American software company founded 1979. Digital Research CP/M, GEM, DR-DOS. Gary Kildall.	178	76	41
UNIVAC	USA	1951	American computer company that pioneered commercial computers. Division of Remington Rand, later Sperry.	178	79	7
Alcatel	France	1898	French telecom company founded 1898. Networking equipment.	183	59	32
Victor	USA	1912	American calculator/business equipment company founded 1912.	184	106	19
Brother	Japan	1908	Japanese office equipment company founded 1908. Word processors, printers.	184	57	39
Capcom	Japan	1983	Japanese game company founded 1979. Street Fighter, Mega Man, Resident Evil.	187	129	11
Acornsoft	UK	1982	British software publisher. BBC Micro software, educational.	188	108	21
Micro	USA	1975	Various companies used this name. Includes Micro Computer Systems and Asian electronics manufacturers.	188	73	31
Nvidia	USA	1993	American graphics company founded 1993. GeForce, CUDA. GPU market leader.	194	100	40
Acer	Taiwan	1976	Taiwanese computer company founded 1976. Aspire PCs, acquired Gateway.	196	79	46
Digi-Key	USA	1972	American electronic component distributor founded 1972 in Thief River Falls, Minnesota. One of the largest distributors of electronic components worldwide. Started by selling parts from a classified ad.	196	1	194
Chinon	Japan	1953	Japanese floppy drive manufacturer. CD-ROM, optical drives.	198	90	11
Hitachi	Japan	1910	Japanese electronics conglomerate founded 1910. Mainframes, PCs, consumer electronics.	200	103	36
Yamaha	Japan	1887	Japanese electronics conglomerate founded 1887. Keyboards, synthesizers, MSX computers.	203	102	27
3M	USA	1902	American electronics company founded 1902. Diversified conglomerate, computers, mainframes.	205	96	39
Osborne	USA	1981	American portable computer pioneer founded 1981. Osborne 1, first commercial portable.	209	109	33
Cray Research	USA	1972	American supercomputer company founded 1972. Cray-1, Cray-2. Seymour Cray.	212	120	22
Amiga Format	UK	1989	British magazine for Commodore Amiga computers. Published reviews, tutorials, and cover disk software.	214	51	26
Wang	USA	1951	American office equipment company founded 1951. Word processors, minicomputers, VS systems.	216	72	35
TEAC	Japan	1953	Japanese electronics company founded 1953. Tape drives, CD-ROM drives, and floppy disk drives for vintage computers.	216	128	23
AT&T	USA	1877	American telecom company founded 1877. Unix origin, Bell Labs.	218	87	53
Namco	Japan	1955	Japanese game company founded 1969. Pac-Man, arcade games pioneer.	222	176	6
Bandai	Japan	1950	Japanese toy and entertainment company founded 1950. WonderSwan handheld console, Tamagotchi, Gundam models. Merged with Namco in 2006.	230	179	12
Unisonic	USA	1968	Unisonic Products Corporation was an American consumer electronics brand headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1968, the company specialized in manufacturing highly affordable, budget-friendly electronic calculators and digital desk accessories during the peak of the 1970s and 1980s microelectronics boom.	234	57	39
Dragon	UK	1982	Welsh home computer company founded 1982. Dragon 32/64. MC6809-based.	237	129	13
Mattel	USA	1945	American toy company founded 1945. Intellivision, Hot Wheels, Barbie.	237	145	41
Seagate	USA	1979	American hard drive company founded 1979. Barracuda drives. Major storage vendor.	239	112	51
Lotus	USA	1982	American software company founded 1979. 1-2-3 spreadsheet, Notes. Acquired by IBM 1995.	249	84	68
Samsung	South Korea	1938	South Korean electronics conglomerate founded 1938. Memory, displays, phones, PCs.	252	84	48
Heathkit	USA	1912	American electronics kit company founded 1912. H-8, H-89 computers. DIY pioneer.	257	136	29
Byte	USA	1975	American computer magazine founded 1975. Technical articles, industry news.	263	97	43
Iomega	USA	1980	American storage company founded 1979. Zip drives, Jaz drives, removable storage pioneer.	266	127	66
Olympia	Germany	1903	German typewriter company founded 1903. Typewriters, calculators.	279	38	57
Logitech	Switzerland	1981	Swiss input device company founded 1981. Mice, trackballs, webcams.	291	120	87
Borland	USA	1983	American software company founded 1983. Turbo Pascal, Delphi, C++ Builder.	300	101	78
Western Digital	USA	1970	American hard drive company founded 1970. Storage market leader.	304	141	68
I-O Data	Japan	1976	Japanese storage device manufacturer.	309	192	8
Oric	UK	1982	British home computer company founded 1983. Oric-1, Atmos. Z80-based.	312	156	15
Buffalo	Japan	1975	Japanese computer peripheral manufacturer founded 1975. Networking equipment, storage devices, and memory modules.	314	216	12
Citizen	Japan	1930	Japanese printer and electronics manufacturer.	318	72	57
ASCII	Japan	1977	Japanese publishing and technology company founded 1977. Developed MSX standard with Microsoft, published ASCII Magazine.	325	222	17
AMD	USA	1969	American semiconductor company founded 1969. x86 competitor. Acquired ATI 2006.	335	149	75
NeXT	USA	1985	American computer company founded 1985. NeXT workstations, NeXTSTEP OS. Steve Jobs.	343	134	12
Coleco	USA	1932	American video game company founded 1976. ColecoVision, Adam computer.	347	173	54
Compute!	USA	1979	American computer magazine and publisher. Archived at: https://www.atarimagazines.com/compute/	351	222	19
Rockwell	USA	1961	American semiconductor company founded 1961. 6502 CPU second source, modems.	352	138	66
Olivetti	Italy	1908	Italian typewriter/computer company founded 1908. M24 (AT&T 6300), Programma 101.	364	140	65
Konami	Japan	1969	Japanese game company founded 1969. Metal Gear, Castlevania, DDR.	364	283	19
HORI	Japan	1967	Japanese video game peripheral manufacturer founded 1967. Known for arcade sticks, controllers, and accessories.	375	278	14
Kaypro	USA	1981	American portable computer company founded 1981. First commercial portable. Non-IBM compatible.	383	170	55
Gotek	China	2012	Floppy drive emulator. USB floppy replacement for vintage computers.	390	120	153
Zenith	USA	1918	American electronics company founded 1918. Zenith Data Systems division made Z-100, Z-150, SupersPort laptops. Acquired Heathkit in 1979. Computer division sold to Groupe Bull in 1989. Parent company acquired by LG Electronics in 1999.	400	213	79
Creative Labs	Singapore	1981	Singaporean audio company founded 1981. Sound Blaster, PC audio pioneer.	401	175	83
Asus	Taiwan	1989	Taiwanese motherboard/PC company founded 1989. ROG gaming brand. Also known as Asus.	443	205	109
Unbranded	-	-	-	457	168	125
Mitsumi	Japan	1962	Japanese electronics company founded 1962. CD-ROM drives, floppy drives.	458	178	68
ATI	Canada	1985	Canadian graphics company founded 1985. Radeon GPUs. Acquired by AMD 2006.	478	210	116
Sanyo	Japan	1947	Japanese electronics company founded 1947. MSX, consumer electronics.	482	180	91
Thomson	France	1972	French computer company founded 1972. TO7, MO5 computers. Popular in French schools.	519	194	89
Packard Bell	USA	1926	American PC manufacturer founded 1926. Value PCs, consumer market.	566	267	91
Sun Microsystems	USA	1982	American Unix workstation company founded 1982. SPARC processors, Solaris OS.	568	262	108
Philips	Netherlands	1891	Dutch electronics conglomerate founded 1891. MSX computers, CD technology, consumer electronics.	581	233	101
Saitek	UK	1987	British electronics company (formerly SciSys, renamed 1987). Known for chess computers, game controllers, and flight simulation peripherals. The Kasparov line of chess computers was their flagship product. Acquired by Mad Catz in 2007.	587	184	115
Epson	Japan	1942	Japanese electronics company founded 1942. Printers, PC clones, laptops.	631	336	86
Excalibur	USA	1992	American chess computer manufacturer founded 1992 in Miami by Shane Samole (son of Fidelity founder Sidney Samole). Became world's largest chess computer manufacturer. Merged into EB Brands in 2009.	633	192	149
Fidelity	USA	1959	American electronics company founded 1959 in Miami, FL. Pioneer of dedicated chess computers. The Chess Challenger (1977) was the first commercially available chess computer. Dominated chess computer market through the 1980s with the Sensory, Voice, and Elite series. Acquired by Hegener & Glaser (Mephisto) in 1989.	673	227	176
Silicon Graphics	USA	1981	American graphics workstation company founded 1981. IRIX, MIPS. Hollywood effects industry.	748	271	72
Timex Sinclair	USA	1982	American Sinclair licensee founded 1982. TS-1000 (ZX81), TS-2068.	765	447	96
Gateway	USA	1985	American PC company founded 1985. Cow-spotted boxes. Ted Waitt.	767	384	98
Motorola	USA	1928	American semiconductor company founded 1928. 68000, PowerPC CPUs. Embedded systems.	778	283	142
Psion	UK	1980	British handheld computer company founded 1980. Organisers, Series 3/5. EPOC/Symbian OS origin.	873	428	78
Fujitsu	Japan	1935	Japanese electronics conglomerate founded 1935. Mainframes, PCs, supercomputers.	945	538	118
Dell	USA	1984	American PC company founded 1984. Direct sales pioneer. Michael Dell.	1204	572	198
MOS Technology	USA	1974	American semiconductor company founded 1974. 6502 CPU for Apple II, C64, Atari. Merged with Commodore 1976.	1223	438	250
Canon	Japan	1908	Japanese printer company founded 1881. Printers, typewriters.	1340	325	334
Panasonic	Japan	1918	Japanese electronics conglomerate founded 1918. MSX computers, consumer electronics.	1461	823	161
Toshiba	Japan	1939	Japanese electronics company founded 1939. Laptops, consumer electronics. Toshiba T1100 first laptop.	1527	636	336
SNK	Japan	1978	Japanese game company founded 1978, creators of the Neo Geo arcade/console platform. Known for King of Fighters, Fatal Fury, Metal Slug, Samurai Shodown. Went bankrupt in 2001, reformed as SNK Playmore in 2003.	1553	1250	26
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)	USA	1957	American computer company founded 1957. Also known as DEC. PDP, VAX minicomputers, Alpha. Acquired by Compaq 1998.	1679	837	383
Intel	USA	1968	American semiconductor company founded 1968. x86 CPUs, chipsets. PC processor leader.	1680	841	420
Tandy	USA	1963	American electronics retailer division of Radio Shack. TRS-80, Tandy computers.	1788	985	189
Compaq	USA	1982	American PC manufacturer founded 1982. First IBM PC clone leader. Portable PCs pioneer.	1863	802	372
Amstrad	UK	1968	British computer company founded 1968. CPC, PCW, Spectrum+. Alan Sugar.	2579	1077	302
Acorn	UK	1978	British computer company founded 1978. BBC Micro, Archimedes. ARM processor origin.	3007	1285	344
Microsoft	USA	1975	American software company founded 1975. DOS, Windows, Office. Dominant OS vendor.	3418	1115	910
Sony	Japan	1946	Japanese electronics conglomerate founded 1946. PlayStation, VAIO, HitBit MSX, Walkman.	3700	2643	304
NEC	Japan	1899	Japanese electronics company founded 1899. PC-88, PC-98, PowerMate. Major in Japan market.	4105	2457	255
RadioShack	USA	1921	American electronics retailer known for consumer electronics, computers, and hobby electronics.	4506	2195	733
Sinclair	UK	1977	British inventor Sir Clive Sinclair. ZX80, ZX81, Spectrum. Affordable UK home computers.	6366	3513	419
Atari	USA	1972	American company founded 1972. Created 2600, 400/800, ST, Jaguar. Pioneered video games and home computers.	6655	3378	849
IBM	USA	1911	International Business Machines. Founded 1911. Mainframes, PC standard. Dominated business computing.	7538	3630	1235
Sharp	Japan	1912	Japanese electronics company founded 1912. Calculators, pocket computers, PDAs, electronics.	7558	2929	1257
Sega	Japan	1960	Japanese video game company founded 1960. Genesis/Mega Drive, Dreamcast, Master System.	8520	6685	258
Texas Instruments	USA	1951	American semiconductor company founded 1951. TI-99/4A, calculators, DSP chips.	9655	3637	2001
Casio	Japan	1946	Japanese electronics company founded 1946. Calculators, watches, musical instruments, PDAs.	9973	2896	1729
Hewlett-Packard	USA	1939	American test equipment company founded 1939. Also known as HP. Calculators, workstations, printers, PCs.	12890	5547	1988
Nintendo	Japan	1889	Japanese video game company founded 1889. NES, SNES, Game Boy, Switch. Gaming pioneer.	19152	15601	1152
Apple	USA	1976	American technology company founded 1976. Created Apple II, Macintosh, iPhone. Revolutionized personal computing.	19768	9458	3250
Commodore	USA	1954	American computer company founded 1954. Created PET, VIC-20, C64, Amiga. Pioneer of home computing.	22904	11017	2216

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